A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY REVISION: EDEXCEL
Globalisation
3.1: Globalisation, past and present
>
3.1A What is Globalisation?
3.1B Transport Technology and Globalisation
3.1C Communication Technology
3.2 Political and Economic Decision Making
>
3.2A International Organisations
3.2B National Governments
2C SEZs and Attitudes to FDI
3.3 Degree of Globalisation
>
3A Measuring the Degree of Globalisation
3B Role of TNCs
3C Switched Off Locations
3.4 Winners and Losers
>
3.4A Benefits and Costs of Global Shift
4B Environmental Problems
4C Deinstrialisation and its Problems
3.5 Migration and Globalisation
>
5A Rural-Urban Migration and Megacities
5B International Migration
5C Costs and Benefits of Migration
3.6 Global Culture
>
6A Cultural Diffusion
6B Cultural Erosion
6C Opposition to Globalisation
3.7 The Development Gap
>
7A Economic and Social Measures
7B Trends, Winners and Losers
7C Economic Development and Environmental Impact
3.8 Tensions from Globalisation
>
8A Racial Tensions
8B Controlling the Spread of Globlisation
8C Attempts to Retain Cultural Identity
3.9 Ethical and Environmental Concerns
>
9A Local Sourcing
9B Fair Trade and Ethical Consumption
9C Recycling
Regenerating Places
4A.1 Economies
>
4A.1A Classifying Economic Activity
4A.1B Economic Activity and Social Factors
4A.1C Quality of Life Indices
4A.2 Changing Places
>
4A.1A Changing Function and Characteristics
4A.2B Reasons for the Change
4B.2C Measuring Change
4A.3 Past and Present
>
3A Regional and National Influences
3B International and Global Influences
3C Identity
4A.4 Economic and Social Inequalities
>
4A Successful Regions
4B Less Successful Regions
4C Priorities for Regeneration
4A.5 Lived Experience and Engagement
>
5A Engagement
5B Lived Experience
5C Conflicts
4A.6 Evaluating the need for Regeneration
>
6A Stats
6B Media Representation
6C Representation and Need for Regeneration
4A.7 Government Policy
>
7A Infrastructure Investment
7B Planning Policies and Stuff
7C Negative Effects of Governmet Policys
4A.8 Local Governments
>
8A Sympathetic Business Environments
8B Partnerships
8C Regeneration Strategies
4A.9 - Rebranding
>
9A Re-imaging
9B Rebranding Deinstrialised Places
9C Rebranding Rural Areas
4A.10 How successful is Regeneration?
>
10A Measuring the Success of Regeneration
10B Success and Social Progress
10C Improving Living Environments
4A.11 Urban Stakeholders
>
11A Successful or Not?
4A.12 Rural Stakeholders
>
12A Restructuring and Contested Decisions
Scarborough and High Wycombe
Superpowers
7.1 Causes of Geopolitical Power
>
7.1A Defining characteristics of powers
7.1B Hard and Soft Power Spectrum
7.1C Changing Importance of 7A and 7B
7.2 Patterns of Power
>
7.2A Imperial Era
7.2B Indirect Control
7.2C Geopolitical Stability and Risk
7.3 Emerging Powers
>
7.3A The Emerging Powers
7.3B Strengths and Weaknesses
7.3C Development Theory
7.4 Superpowers and the Global Economy
>
7.4A - Influence through IGOs
7.4B TNCs
7.4C Cultural Influence
7.5 Superpowers and International Decision Making
>
7.5A Global Action
7.5B Alliances
7.5C the United Nations
7.6 Superpowers and the Physical Environment
>
7.6A Resource Demands
7.6B Environmental Governance
7.6C Middle-Class Consumption on Emerging Powers
7.7 Spheres of Influence
>
7.7A Tension over Physical Resources
7.7B Intellectual Property
7.7C Political Spheres of Influence
7.8 Developing Nations
>
7.8A Emerging Powers and the Developing World
7.8B Asian Tensions
7.8C Middle East Tensions
7.9 Challenges to Existing Superpowers
>
7.9A Economic Problems
7.9B Costs of Being a Superpower
7.9C Future Power Balance
Health, Human Rights and Intervention
8.1 Human Development?
>
8.1A GDP and Human Development
8.1B Best Development Goals?
8.1C Education
8.2 Variations in Health and Life Expectancy
>
8.2A Variations in the Developing World
8.2B Variations in the Developed World
8.2C: Variations within Countries
8.3 Governments and IGOs
>
8.3A The relationship between economic and social development
8.3B IGOs and Development
8.3C MDGs and SDGs
8.4 International Law and Agreements
>
8.4A the UDHR
8.4B the ECHR
8.4C The Geneva Convention
8.5 Global Human Rights Variations
>
8.5A Human Rights Vs Economic Development
8.5B Democratic Freedom
8.5C Political Corruption
8.6 Rights Variations Within Countries
>
8.6A Gender and Ethnic Differences
8.6B Health and Education Variations
8.6C Demands for Equality
8.7 Geopolitical Intervention
>
8.7A Types of Interventions
8.7B Governments, IGOs and NGOs
8.7C Intervention and Sovereignty
8.8 the Positive and Negative of Development
>
8.8A About Development Aid
8.8B Does Aid Work?
8.8C Negatives of Economic Development
8.9 Military Aid and Intervention
>
8.9A Military Interventions
8.9B Military Aid
8.9C Direct Military Intervention
8.10 Measuring Success of Interventions
>
8.10A Variables for Measuring Success
8.10B Democracy as 'Success'
8.10C - Economic Growth as Success
8.11 Success of Development Aid?
>
8.11A Successes and Failures
8.11B Aid and Equality
8.11C Aid as Foreign Policy
8.12 Military Interventions
>
8.12A Costs of Recent Interventions
8.12B Non-Military may be Better?
8.12C - Consequences of Inaction
Tectonic Processes and Hazards
1.1 Causes of Tectonic Hazards
>
1.1A Distribution and Causes
1.1B Distribution of Boundaries
1.1C Intra-Plate Stuff
1.2 Theoretical Frameworks
>
1.2A and B Plate Tectonics
1.2C Impacts on Hazards
1.3 Explaining Tectonic Hazards
>
3A Hazards from Earthquakes
3B Hazards from Volcanoes
1..3C - Tsunami
1.4 Disaster!
>
1.4A Definitions
1.4B The PAR Model
1.4C Impacts of Tectonic Hazards
1.5 Tectonic Hazard Profiles
>
1.5A Measuring Magnitude and Intensity
1.5B Hazard Profiles
1.5C Profile Examples
1.6 Development and Governance
>
1.6A Inequality
1.6B Governance and Geographical Factors
1.6C Disaster Context
1.7 Trends and Patterns
>
1.7A Trends since 1960
1.7B Megadisasters
1.7C Multiple Hazard Zones
1.8 Theoretical Frameworks
>
1.8A - Prediction and Forecasting
1.8B The Hazard Management Cycle
1.8C Park's Model
1.9 Tectonic Hazard Impacts
>
1.9A Disaster Modification
1.9B Modifying Vulnerability
1.9C Modifying Loss
Coastal Landscapes and Change
2B.1 The Littoral Zone
>
2B.1A Parts of the Littoral Zone
2B.1B Classifying Coasts
2B.1C Rocky Coasts and Coastal Plains
2B.2 Geological Structure
>
2B.2A Concordant and Discordant
2B.2B Their Morphology
2B.2C Geological Structure and Cliff Profiles
2B.3 Rates of Coastal Recession
>
2B.3A Lithology
2B.3B Rock Strata and Complex Cliff Profiles
3C Vegetation Stabilisation of Sediment
2B.4 Marine Erosion
>
4A Waves and Beach Morphology
4B Wave Erosion Processes
4C Coastal Landscapes Produced by Erosion
2B.5 Sediment Transport and Deposition
>
5A Sediment Transportation
5B Depositional Landforms
5C The Sediment Cell Model
2B.6 Sub-Aerial Processes
>
6A Weathering
6B Mass Movement
6C Landforms Produced by Mass Movement
2B.7 Sea Level Change
>
7A Long-Term Sea Level Change
7B Emergent and Submergent Coastlines
7C Contemporary Sea Level Change
2B.8 Rapid Coastal Retreat
>
8A Human Activity and Coastal Recession
8B Subaerial Processes Work Together
8C Temporal Variations in Coastal Recession
2B.9 Coastal Flooding
>
9A Local Factors that Increase Coastal Flood Risk
9B Storm Surges
9C Climate Change and Coastal Flood Risk
2B.10 Affected Communities
>
A - Economic and Social Losses from Recession
B - Flooding and Storm Surges
C - Environmental Refugees
2B.11 - Coastal Management
>
2.11A Hard Engineering
2.11B Soft Engineering
2.11C Sustainable Management
2B: 12 Integrated Coastal Zone Management
>
2B.12A Littoral Cells
2B.12B Policy Decisions
2B.2C Conflicts
The Water Cycle
5.1 Importance to Life
>
1A - A Closed System
1B Importance and Size of Stores and Fluxes
1C The Global Water Budget
5.2 The drainage basin: an open system
>
2A - the Hydrological Cycle
2B Impact of Physical Factors
2C - Impact of Human Factors
5.3 Water Budgets and River Systems
>
3.1 Water Budgets
3B River Regimes
3C Storm Hydrographs
5.4 Deficits within the Hydrological Cycle
>
4A - The Causes of Drought
4B - Human Activity and Drought
4C - Drought and Ecosystems
5.5 Flooding
>
5A - Meteorological Causes of Flooding
5B - Human Activity and Flooding
5C - Impacts of Flooding
5.6 - Climate Change
>
6A - Inputs and Outputs
6B - Stores and Flows
6C - Uncertainty
5.7 Causes of Water Insecurity
>
7A - Supply and Demand Mismatch
7B - Causes of Water Insecurity
7C - Finite Resources and Rising Demand
5.8 Consequences and Risks of Water Insecurity
>
8A - Causes and Pattern of Physical and Economic Scarcity
8B - Importance of Water Supplies
8C - Conflicts
5.9 - Managing Water Supply
>
9A - Hard Engineering
5.9B Sustainable Water Management
5.9C Integrated Drainage Basin Management
The Carbon Cycle
6.1 Carbon and the Geological Cycle
>
1A Stores and Fluxes
1B Formation of Geological Carbon Stores
6.1C - Geological Processes Releasing Carbon
6.2 Biological Processes Sequestering Carbon
>
6.2A Oceanic Sequestering
6.2B Terrestrial Sequestering
6.2C Biological Carbon
6.3 Human Activity Altering the Carbon Cycle
>
6.3A Atmospheric Carbon
6.3B Maintaining a Balanced Carbon Cycle
6.3C Fossil Fuel Combustion
6.4 Energy Security
>
6.4A The Energy Mix
6.4B - Energy Consumption
6.4C Energy Players
6.5 Relliance on Fossil Fuels
>
6.5A Mismatch between Supply and Demand
6.5B Energy Pathways
6.5C Unconventional Fossil Fuels
6.6 Alternatives to Fossil Fuels
>
6.6A Renewable and Recyclable Energy
6.6B Biofuels
6.6C Radical Technologies to Reduce Carbon Emissions
6.7 Human Activity Threatening the Carbon and Water Cycles
>
6.7A Growing Resource Demands
6.7B Ocean Acidification
6.7C Forest Health
6.8 Implications for Human Wellbeing
>
6.8A Forest Loss
6.8B Rising Temperatures
6.8C Declining Ocean Health
6.9 Responses to Further Warming
>
6.9A Uncertainty about the Future
9.B Adaptation Strategies
6.9C Mitigation Strategies
List of Case Studies
8.10 Measuring the Success of Interventions
There are several ways of measuring the success of geopolitical interventions.
Globalisation
3.1: Globalisation, past and present
>
3.1A What is Globalisation?
3.1B Transport Technology and Globalisation
3.1C Communication Technology
3.2 Political and Economic Decision Making
>
3.2A International Organisations
3.2B National Governments
2C SEZs and Attitudes to FDI
3.3 Degree of Globalisation
>
3A Measuring the Degree of Globalisation
3B Role of TNCs
3C Switched Off Locations
3.4 Winners and Losers
>
3.4A Benefits and Costs of Global Shift
4B Environmental Problems
4C Deinstrialisation and its Problems
3.5 Migration and Globalisation
>
5A Rural-Urban Migration and Megacities
5B International Migration
5C Costs and Benefits of Migration
3.6 Global Culture
>
6A Cultural Diffusion
6B Cultural Erosion
6C Opposition to Globalisation
3.7 The Development Gap
>
7A Economic and Social Measures
7B Trends, Winners and Losers
7C Economic Development and Environmental Impact
3.8 Tensions from Globalisation
>
8A Racial Tensions
8B Controlling the Spread of Globlisation
8C Attempts to Retain Cultural Identity
3.9 Ethical and Environmental Concerns
>
9A Local Sourcing
9B Fair Trade and Ethical Consumption
9C Recycling
Regenerating Places
4A.1 Economies
>
4A.1A Classifying Economic Activity
4A.1B Economic Activity and Social Factors
4A.1C Quality of Life Indices
4A.2 Changing Places
>
4A.1A Changing Function and Characteristics
4A.2B Reasons for the Change
4B.2C Measuring Change
4A.3 Past and Present
>
3A Regional and National Influences
3B International and Global Influences
3C Identity
4A.4 Economic and Social Inequalities
>
4A Successful Regions
4B Less Successful Regions
4C Priorities for Regeneration
4A.5 Lived Experience and Engagement
>
5A Engagement
5B Lived Experience
5C Conflicts
4A.6 Evaluating the need for Regeneration
>
6A Stats
6B Media Representation
6C Representation and Need for Regeneration
4A.7 Government Policy
>
7A Infrastructure Investment
7B Planning Policies and Stuff
7C Negative Effects of Governmet Policys
4A.8 Local Governments
>
8A Sympathetic Business Environments
8B Partnerships
8C Regeneration Strategies
4A.9 - Rebranding
>
9A Re-imaging
9B Rebranding Deinstrialised Places
9C Rebranding Rural Areas
4A.10 How successful is Regeneration?
>
10A Measuring the Success of Regeneration
10B Success and Social Progress
10C Improving Living Environments
4A.11 Urban Stakeholders
>
11A Successful or Not?
4A.12 Rural Stakeholders
>
12A Restructuring and Contested Decisions
Scarborough and High Wycombe
Superpowers
7.1 Causes of Geopolitical Power
>
7.1A Defining characteristics of powers
7.1B Hard and Soft Power Spectrum
7.1C Changing Importance of 7A and 7B
7.2 Patterns of Power
>
7.2A Imperial Era
7.2B Indirect Control
7.2C Geopolitical Stability and Risk
7.3 Emerging Powers
>
7.3A The Emerging Powers
7.3B Strengths and Weaknesses
7.3C Development Theory
7.4 Superpowers and the Global Economy
>
7.4A - Influence through IGOs
7.4B TNCs
7.4C Cultural Influence
7.5 Superpowers and International Decision Making
>
7.5A Global Action
7.5B Alliances
7.5C the United Nations
7.6 Superpowers and the Physical Environment
>
7.6A Resource Demands
7.6B Environmental Governance
7.6C Middle-Class Consumption on Emerging Powers
7.7 Spheres of Influence
>
7.7A Tension over Physical Resources
7.7B Intellectual Property
7.7C Political Spheres of Influence
7.8 Developing Nations
>
7.8A Emerging Powers and the Developing World
7.8B Asian Tensions
7.8C Middle East Tensions
7.9 Challenges to Existing Superpowers
>
7.9A Economic Problems
7.9B Costs of Being a Superpower
7.9C Future Power Balance
Health, Human Rights and Intervention
8.1 Human Development?
>
8.1A GDP and Human Development
8.1B Best Development Goals?
8.1C Education
8.2 Variations in Health and Life Expectancy
>
8.2A Variations in the Developing World
8.2B Variations in the Developed World
8.2C: Variations within Countries
8.3 Governments and IGOs
>
8.3A The relationship between economic and social development
8.3B IGOs and Development
8.3C MDGs and SDGs
8.4 International Law and Agreements
>
8.4A the UDHR
8.4B the ECHR
8.4C The Geneva Convention
8.5 Global Human Rights Variations
>
8.5A Human Rights Vs Economic Development
8.5B Democratic Freedom
8.5C Political Corruption
8.6 Rights Variations Within Countries
>
8.6A Gender and Ethnic Differences
8.6B Health and Education Variations
8.6C Demands for Equality
8.7 Geopolitical Intervention
>
8.7A Types of Interventions
8.7B Governments, IGOs and NGOs
8.7C Intervention and Sovereignty
8.8 the Positive and Negative of Development
>
8.8A About Development Aid
8.8B Does Aid Work?
8.8C Negatives of Economic Development
8.9 Military Aid and Intervention
>
8.9A Military Interventions
8.9B Military Aid
8.9C Direct Military Intervention
8.10 Measuring Success of Interventions
>
8.10A Variables for Measuring Success
8.10B Democracy as 'Success'
8.10C - Economic Growth as Success
8.11 Success of Development Aid?
>
8.11A Successes and Failures
8.11B Aid and Equality
8.11C Aid as Foreign Policy
8.12 Military Interventions
>
8.12A Costs of Recent Interventions
8.12B Non-Military may be Better?
8.12C - Consequences of Inaction
Tectonic Processes and Hazards
1.1 Causes of Tectonic Hazards
>
1.1A Distribution and Causes
1.1B Distribution of Boundaries
1.1C Intra-Plate Stuff
1.2 Theoretical Frameworks
>
1.2A and B Plate Tectonics
1.2C Impacts on Hazards
1.3 Explaining Tectonic Hazards
>
3A Hazards from Earthquakes
3B Hazards from Volcanoes
1..3C - Tsunami
1.4 Disaster!
>
1.4A Definitions
1.4B The PAR Model
1.4C Impacts of Tectonic Hazards
1.5 Tectonic Hazard Profiles
>
1.5A Measuring Magnitude and Intensity
1.5B Hazard Profiles
1.5C Profile Examples
1.6 Development and Governance
>
1.6A Inequality
1.6B Governance and Geographical Factors
1.6C Disaster Context
1.7 Trends and Patterns
>
1.7A Trends since 1960
1.7B Megadisasters
1.7C Multiple Hazard Zones
1.8 Theoretical Frameworks
>
1.8A - Prediction and Forecasting
1.8B The Hazard Management Cycle
1.8C Park's Model
1.9 Tectonic Hazard Impacts
>
1.9A Disaster Modification
1.9B Modifying Vulnerability
1.9C Modifying Loss
Coastal Landscapes and Change
2B.1 The Littoral Zone
>
2B.1A Parts of the Littoral Zone
2B.1B Classifying Coasts
2B.1C Rocky Coasts and Coastal Plains
2B.2 Geological Structure
>
2B.2A Concordant and Discordant
2B.2B Their Morphology
2B.2C Geological Structure and Cliff Profiles
2B.3 Rates of Coastal Recession
>
2B.3A Lithology
2B.3B Rock Strata and Complex Cliff Profiles
3C Vegetation Stabilisation of Sediment
2B.4 Marine Erosion
>
4A Waves and Beach Morphology
4B Wave Erosion Processes
4C Coastal Landscapes Produced by Erosion
2B.5 Sediment Transport and Deposition
>
5A Sediment Transportation
5B Depositional Landforms
5C The Sediment Cell Model
2B.6 Sub-Aerial Processes
>
6A Weathering
6B Mass Movement
6C Landforms Produced by Mass Movement
2B.7 Sea Level Change
>
7A Long-Term Sea Level Change
7B Emergent and Submergent Coastlines
7C Contemporary Sea Level Change
2B.8 Rapid Coastal Retreat
>
8A Human Activity and Coastal Recession
8B Subaerial Processes Work Together
8C Temporal Variations in Coastal Recession
2B.9 Coastal Flooding
>
9A Local Factors that Increase Coastal Flood Risk
9B Storm Surges
9C Climate Change and Coastal Flood Risk
2B.10 Affected Communities
>
A - Economic and Social Losses from Recession
B - Flooding and Storm Surges
C - Environmental Refugees
2B.11 - Coastal Management
>
2.11A Hard Engineering
2.11B Soft Engineering
2.11C Sustainable Management
2B: 12 Integrated Coastal Zone Management
>
2B.12A Littoral Cells
2B.12B Policy Decisions
2B.2C Conflicts
The Water Cycle
5.1 Importance to Life
>
1A - A Closed System
1B Importance and Size of Stores and Fluxes
1C The Global Water Budget
5.2 The drainage basin: an open system
>
2A - the Hydrological Cycle
2B Impact of Physical Factors
2C - Impact of Human Factors
5.3 Water Budgets and River Systems
>
3.1 Water Budgets
3B River Regimes
3C Storm Hydrographs
5.4 Deficits within the Hydrological Cycle
>
4A - The Causes of Drought
4B - Human Activity and Drought
4C - Drought and Ecosystems
5.5 Flooding
>
5A - Meteorological Causes of Flooding
5B - Human Activity and Flooding
5C - Impacts of Flooding
5.6 - Climate Change
>
6A - Inputs and Outputs
6B - Stores and Flows
6C - Uncertainty
5.7 Causes of Water Insecurity
>
7A - Supply and Demand Mismatch
7B - Causes of Water Insecurity
7C - Finite Resources and Rising Demand
5.8 Consequences and Risks of Water Insecurity
>
8A - Causes and Pattern of Physical and Economic Scarcity
8B - Importance of Water Supplies
8C - Conflicts
5.9 - Managing Water Supply
>
9A - Hard Engineering
5.9B Sustainable Water Management
5.9C Integrated Drainage Basin Management
The Carbon Cycle
6.1 Carbon and the Geological Cycle
>
1A Stores and Fluxes
1B Formation of Geological Carbon Stores
6.1C - Geological Processes Releasing Carbon
6.2 Biological Processes Sequestering Carbon
>
6.2A Oceanic Sequestering
6.2B Terrestrial Sequestering
6.2C Biological Carbon
6.3 Human Activity Altering the Carbon Cycle
>
6.3A Atmospheric Carbon
6.3B Maintaining a Balanced Carbon Cycle
6.3C Fossil Fuel Combustion
6.4 Energy Security
>
6.4A The Energy Mix
6.4B - Energy Consumption
6.4C Energy Players
6.5 Relliance on Fossil Fuels
>
6.5A Mismatch between Supply and Demand
6.5B Energy Pathways
6.5C Unconventional Fossil Fuels
6.6 Alternatives to Fossil Fuels
>
6.6A Renewable and Recyclable Energy
6.6B Biofuels
6.6C Radical Technologies to Reduce Carbon Emissions
6.7 Human Activity Threatening the Carbon and Water Cycles
>
6.7A Growing Resource Demands
6.7B Ocean Acidification
6.7C Forest Health
6.8 Implications for Human Wellbeing
>
6.8A Forest Loss
6.8B Rising Temperatures
6.8C Declining Ocean Health
6.9 Responses to Further Warming
>
6.9A Uncertainty about the Future
9.B Adaptation Strategies
6.9C Mitigation Strategies
List of Case Studies