A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY REVISION: EDEXCEL
Globalisation
3.1: Globalisation, past and present
>
3.1A What is Globalisation?
3.1B Transport Technology and Globalisation
3.1C Communication Technology
3.2 Political and Economic Decision Making
>
3.2A International Organisations
3.2B National Governments
2C SEZs and Attitudes to FDI
3.3 Degree of Globalisation
>
3A Measuring the Degree of Globalisation
3B Role of TNCs
3C Switched Off Locations
3.4 Winners and Losers
>
3.4A Benefits and Costs of Global Shift
4B Environmental Problems
4C Deinstrialisation and its Problems
3.5 Migration and Globalisation
>
5A Rural-Urban Migration and Megacities
5B International Migration
5C Costs and Benefits of Migration
3.6 Global Culture
>
6A Cultural Diffusion
6B Cultural Erosion
6C Opposition to Globalisation
3.7 The Development Gap
>
7A Economic and Social Measures
7B Trends, Winners and Losers
7C Economic Development and Environmental Impact
3.8 Tensions from Globalisation
>
8A Racial Tensions
8B Controlling the Spread of Globlisation
8C Attempts to Retain Cultural Identity
3.9 Ethical and Environmental Concerns
>
9A Local Sourcing
9B Fair Trade and Ethical Consumption
9C Recycling
Regenerating Places
4A.1 Economies
>
4A.1A Classifying Economic Activity
4A.1B Economic Activity and Social Factors
4A.1C Quality of Life Indices
4A.2 Changing Places
>
4A.1A Changing Function and Characteristics
4A.2B Reasons for the Change
4B.2C Measuring Change
4A.3 Past and Present
>
3A Regional and National Influences
3B International and Global Influences
3C Identity
4A.4 Economic and Social Inequalities
>
4A Successful Regions
4B Less Successful Regions
4C Priorities for Regeneration
4A.5 Lived Experience and Engagement
>
5A Engagement
5B Lived Experience
5C Conflicts
4A.6 Evaluating the need for Regeneration
>
6A Stats
6B Media Representation
6C Representation and Need for Regeneration
4A.7 Government Policy
>
7A Infrastructure Investment
7B Planning Policies and Stuff
7C Negative Effects of Governmet Policys
4A.8 Local Governments
>
8A Sympathetic Business Environments
8B Partnerships
8C Regeneration Strategies
4A.9 - Rebranding
>
9A Re-imaging
9B Rebranding Deinstrialised Places
9C Rebranding Rural Areas
4A.10 How successful is Regeneration?
>
10A Measuring the Success of Regeneration
10B Success and Social Progress
10C Improving Living Environments
4A.11 Urban Stakeholders
>
11A Successful or Not?
4A.12 Rural Stakeholders
>
12A Restructuring and Contested Decisions
Scarborough and High Wycombe
Superpowers
7.1 Causes of Geopolitical Power
>
7.1A Defining characteristics of powers
7.1B Hard and Soft Power Spectrum
7.1C Changing Importance of 7A and 7B
7.2 Patterns of Power
>
7.2A Imperial Era
7.2B Indirect Control
7.2C Geopolitical Stability and Risk
7.3 Emerging Powers
>
7.3A The Emerging Powers
7.3B Strengths and Weaknesses
7.3C Development Theory
7.4 Superpowers and the Global Economy
>
7.4A - Influence through IGOs
7.4B TNCs
7.4C Cultural Influence
7.5 Superpowers and International Decision Making
>
7.5A Global Action
7.5B Alliances
7.5C the United Nations
7.6 Superpowers and the Physical Environment
>
7.6A Resource Demands
7.6B Environmental Governance
7.6C Middle-Class Consumption on Emerging Powers
7.7 Spheres of Influence
>
7.7A Tension over Physical Resources
7.7B Intellectual Property
7.7C Political Spheres of Influence
7.8 Developing Nations
>
7.8A Emerging Powers and the Developing World
7.8B Asian Tensions
7.8C Middle East Tensions
7.9 Challenges to Existing Superpowers
>
7.9A Economic Problems
7.9B Costs of Being a Superpower
7.9C Future Power Balance
Health, Human Rights and Intervention
8.1 Human Development?
>
8.1A GDP and Human Development
8.1B Best Development Goals?
8.1C Education
8.2 Variations in Health and Life Expectancy
>
8.2A Variations in the Developing World
8.2B Variations in the Developed World
8.2C: Variations within Countries
8.3 Governments and IGOs
>
8.3A The relationship between economic and social development
8.3B IGOs and Development
8.3C MDGs and SDGs
8.4 International Law and Agreements
>
8.4A the UDHR
8.4B the ECHR
8.4C The Geneva Convention
8.5 Global Human Rights Variations
>
8.5A Human Rights Vs Economic Development
8.5B Democratic Freedom
8.5C Political Corruption
8.6 Rights Variations Within Countries
>
8.6A Gender and Ethnic Differences
8.6B Health and Education Variations
8.6C Demands for Equality
8.7 Geopolitical Intervention
>
8.7A Types of Interventions
8.7B Governments, IGOs and NGOs
8.7C Intervention and Sovereignty
8.8 the Positive and Negative of Development
>
8.8A About Development Aid
8.8B Does Aid Work?
8.8C Negatives of Economic Development
8.9 Military Aid and Intervention
>
8.9A Military Interventions
8.9B Military Aid
8.9C Direct Military Intervention
8.10 Measuring Success of Interventions
>
8.10A Variables for Measuring Success
8.10B Democracy as 'Success'
8.10C - Economic Growth as Success
8.11 Success of Development Aid?
>
8.11A Successes and Failures
8.11B Aid and Equality
8.11C Aid as Foreign Policy
8.12 Military Interventions
>
8.12A Costs of Recent Interventions
8.12B Non-Military may be Better?
8.12C - Consequences of Inaction
Tectonic Processes and Hazards
1.1 Causes of Tectonic Hazards
>
1.1A Distribution and Causes
1.1B Distribution of Boundaries
1.1C Intra-Plate Stuff
1.2 Theoretical Frameworks
>
1.2A and B Plate Tectonics
1.2C Impacts on Hazards
1.3 Explaining Tectonic Hazards
>
3A Hazards from Earthquakes
3B Hazards from Volcanoes
1..3C - Tsunami
1.4 Disaster!
>
1.4A Definitions
1.4B The PAR Model
1.4C Impacts of Tectonic Hazards
1.5 Tectonic Hazard Profiles
>
1.5A Measuring Magnitude and Intensity
1.5B Hazard Profiles
1.5C Profile Examples
1.6 Development and Governance
>
1.6A Inequality
1.6B Governance and Geographical Factors
1.6C Disaster Context
1.7 Trends and Patterns
>
1.7A Trends since 1960
1.7B Megadisasters
1.7C Multiple Hazard Zones
1.8 Theoretical Frameworks
>
1.8A - Prediction and Forecasting
1.8B The Hazard Management Cycle
1.8C Park's Model
1.9 Tectonic Hazard Impacts
>
1.9A Disaster Modification
1.9B Modifying Vulnerability
1.9C Modifying Loss
Coastal Landscapes and Change
2B.1 The Littoral Zone
>
2B.1A Parts of the Littoral Zone
2B.1B Classifying Coasts
2B.1C Rocky Coasts and Coastal Plains
2B.2 Geological Structure
>
2B.2A Concordant and Discordant
2B.2B Their Morphology
2B.2C Geological Structure and Cliff Profiles
2B.3 Rates of Coastal Recession
>
2B.3A Lithology
2B.3B Rock Strata and Complex Cliff Profiles
3C Vegetation Stabilisation of Sediment
2B.4 Marine Erosion
>
4A Waves and Beach Morphology
4B Wave Erosion Processes
4C Coastal Landscapes Produced by Erosion
2B.5 Sediment Transport and Deposition
>
5A Sediment Transportation
5B Depositional Landforms
5C The Sediment Cell Model
2B.6 Sub-Aerial Processes
>
6A Weathering
6B Mass Movement
6C Landforms Produced by Mass Movement
2B.7 Sea Level Change
>
7A Long-Term Sea Level Change
7B Emergent and Submergent Coastlines
7C Contemporary Sea Level Change
2B.8 Rapid Coastal Retreat
>
8A Human Activity and Coastal Recession
8B Subaerial Processes Work Together
8C Temporal Variations in Coastal Recession
2B.9 Coastal Flooding
>
9A Local Factors that Increase Coastal Flood Risk
9B Storm Surges
9C Climate Change and Coastal Flood Risk
2B.10 Affected Communities
>
A - Economic and Social Losses from Recession
B - Flooding and Storm Surges
C - Environmental Refugees
2B.11 - Coastal Management
>
2.11A Hard Engineering
2.11B Soft Engineering
2.11C Sustainable Management
2B: 12 Integrated Coastal Zone Management
>
2B.12A Littoral Cells
2B.12B Policy Decisions
2B.2C Conflicts
The Water Cycle
5.1 Importance to Life
>
1A - A Closed System
1B Importance and Size of Stores and Fluxes
1C The Global Water Budget
5.2 The drainage basin: an open system
>
2A - the Hydrological Cycle
2B Impact of Physical Factors
2C - Impact of Human Factors
5.3 Water Budgets and River Systems
>
3.1 Water Budgets
3B River Regimes
3C Storm Hydrographs
5.4 Deficits within the Hydrological Cycle
>
4A - The Causes of Drought
4B - Human Activity and Drought
4C - Drought and Ecosystems
5.5 Flooding
>
5A - Meteorological Causes of Flooding
5B - Human Activity and Flooding
5C - Impacts of Flooding
5.6 - Climate Change
>
6A - Inputs and Outputs
6B - Stores and Flows
6C - Uncertainty
5.7 Causes of Water Insecurity
>
7A - Supply and Demand Mismatch
7B - Causes of Water Insecurity
7C - Finite Resources and Rising Demand
5.8 Consequences and Risks of Water Insecurity
>
8A - Causes and Pattern of Physical and Economic Scarcity
8B - Importance of Water Supplies
8C - Conflicts
5.9 - Managing Water Supply
>
9A - Hard Engineering
5.9B Sustainable Water Management
5.9C Integrated Drainage Basin Management
The Carbon Cycle
6.1 Carbon and the Geological Cycle
>
1A Stores and Fluxes
1B Formation of Geological Carbon Stores
6.1C - Geological Processes Releasing Carbon
6.2 Biological Processes Sequestering Carbon
>
6.2A Oceanic Sequestering
6.2B Terrestrial Sequestering
6.2C Biological Carbon
6.3 Human Activity Altering the Carbon Cycle
>
6.3A Atmospheric Carbon
6.3B Maintaining a Balanced Carbon Cycle
6.3C Fossil Fuel Combustion
6.4 Energy Security
>
6.4A The Energy Mix
6.4B - Energy Consumption
6.4C Energy Players
6.5 Relliance on Fossil Fuels
>
6.5A Mismatch between Supply and Demand
6.5B Energy Pathways
6.5C Unconventional Fossil Fuels
6.6 Alternatives to Fossil Fuels
>
6.6A Renewable and Recyclable Energy
6.6B Biofuels
6.6C Radical Technologies to Reduce Carbon Emissions
6.7 Human Activity Threatening the Carbon and Water Cycles
>
6.7A Growing Resource Demands
6.7B Ocean Acidification
6.7C Forest Health
6.8 Implications for Human Wellbeing
>
6.8A Forest Loss
6.8B Rising Temperatures
6.8C Declining Ocean Health
6.9 Responses to Further Warming
>
6.9A Uncertainty about the Future
9.B Adaptation Strategies
6.9C Mitigation Strategies
List of Case Studies
Globalisation
3.1: Globalisation, past and present
>
3.1A What is Globalisation?
3.1B Transport Technology and Globalisation
3.1C Communication Technology
3.2 Political and Economic Decision Making
>
3.2A International Organisations
3.2B National Governments
2C SEZs and Attitudes to FDI
3.3 Degree of Globalisation
>
3A Measuring the Degree of Globalisation
3B Role of TNCs
3C Switched Off Locations
3.4 Winners and Losers
>
3.4A Benefits and Costs of Global Shift
4B Environmental Problems
4C Deinstrialisation and its Problems
3.5 Migration and Globalisation
>
5A Rural-Urban Migration and Megacities
5B International Migration
5C Costs and Benefits of Migration
3.6 Global Culture
>
6A Cultural Diffusion
6B Cultural Erosion
6C Opposition to Globalisation
3.7 The Development Gap
>
7A Economic and Social Measures
7B Trends, Winners and Losers
7C Economic Development and Environmental Impact
3.8 Tensions from Globalisation
>
8A Racial Tensions
8B Controlling the Spread of Globlisation
8C Attempts to Retain Cultural Identity
3.9 Ethical and Environmental Concerns
>
9A Local Sourcing
9B Fair Trade and Ethical Consumption
9C Recycling
Regenerating Places
4A.1 Economies
>
4A.1A Classifying Economic Activity
4A.1B Economic Activity and Social Factors
4A.1C Quality of Life Indices
4A.2 Changing Places
>
4A.1A Changing Function and Characteristics
4A.2B Reasons for the Change
4B.2C Measuring Change
4A.3 Past and Present
>
3A Regional and National Influences
3B International and Global Influences
3C Identity
4A.4 Economic and Social Inequalities
>
4A Successful Regions
4B Less Successful Regions
4C Priorities for Regeneration
4A.5 Lived Experience and Engagement
>
5A Engagement
5B Lived Experience
5C Conflicts
4A.6 Evaluating the need for Regeneration
>
6A Stats
6B Media Representation
6C Representation and Need for Regeneration
4A.7 Government Policy
>
7A Infrastructure Investment
7B Planning Policies and Stuff
7C Negative Effects of Governmet Policys
4A.8 Local Governments
>
8A Sympathetic Business Environments
8B Partnerships
8C Regeneration Strategies
4A.9 - Rebranding
>
9A Re-imaging
9B Rebranding Deinstrialised Places
9C Rebranding Rural Areas
4A.10 How successful is Regeneration?
>
10A Measuring the Success of Regeneration
10B Success and Social Progress
10C Improving Living Environments
4A.11 Urban Stakeholders
>
11A Successful or Not?
4A.12 Rural Stakeholders
>
12A Restructuring and Contested Decisions
Scarborough and High Wycombe
Superpowers
7.1 Causes of Geopolitical Power
>
7.1A Defining characteristics of powers
7.1B Hard and Soft Power Spectrum
7.1C Changing Importance of 7A and 7B
7.2 Patterns of Power
>
7.2A Imperial Era
7.2B Indirect Control
7.2C Geopolitical Stability and Risk
7.3 Emerging Powers
>
7.3A The Emerging Powers
7.3B Strengths and Weaknesses
7.3C Development Theory
7.4 Superpowers and the Global Economy
>
7.4A - Influence through IGOs
7.4B TNCs
7.4C Cultural Influence
7.5 Superpowers and International Decision Making
>
7.5A Global Action
7.5B Alliances
7.5C the United Nations
7.6 Superpowers and the Physical Environment
>
7.6A Resource Demands
7.6B Environmental Governance
7.6C Middle-Class Consumption on Emerging Powers
7.7 Spheres of Influence
>
7.7A Tension over Physical Resources
7.7B Intellectual Property
7.7C Political Spheres of Influence
7.8 Developing Nations
>
7.8A Emerging Powers and the Developing World
7.8B Asian Tensions
7.8C Middle East Tensions
7.9 Challenges to Existing Superpowers
>
7.9A Economic Problems
7.9B Costs of Being a Superpower
7.9C Future Power Balance
Health, Human Rights and Intervention
8.1 Human Development?
>
8.1A GDP and Human Development
8.1B Best Development Goals?
8.1C Education
8.2 Variations in Health and Life Expectancy
>
8.2A Variations in the Developing World
8.2B Variations in the Developed World
8.2C: Variations within Countries
8.3 Governments and IGOs
>
8.3A The relationship between economic and social development
8.3B IGOs and Development
8.3C MDGs and SDGs
8.4 International Law and Agreements
>
8.4A the UDHR
8.4B the ECHR
8.4C The Geneva Convention
8.5 Global Human Rights Variations
>
8.5A Human Rights Vs Economic Development
8.5B Democratic Freedom
8.5C Political Corruption
8.6 Rights Variations Within Countries
>
8.6A Gender and Ethnic Differences
8.6B Health and Education Variations
8.6C Demands for Equality
8.7 Geopolitical Intervention
>
8.7A Types of Interventions
8.7B Governments, IGOs and NGOs
8.7C Intervention and Sovereignty
8.8 the Positive and Negative of Development
>
8.8A About Development Aid
8.8B Does Aid Work?
8.8C Negatives of Economic Development
8.9 Military Aid and Intervention
>
8.9A Military Interventions
8.9B Military Aid
8.9C Direct Military Intervention
8.10 Measuring Success of Interventions
>
8.10A Variables for Measuring Success
8.10B Democracy as 'Success'
8.10C - Economic Growth as Success
8.11 Success of Development Aid?
>
8.11A Successes and Failures
8.11B Aid and Equality
8.11C Aid as Foreign Policy
8.12 Military Interventions
>
8.12A Costs of Recent Interventions
8.12B Non-Military may be Better?
8.12C - Consequences of Inaction
Tectonic Processes and Hazards
1.1 Causes of Tectonic Hazards
>
1.1A Distribution and Causes
1.1B Distribution of Boundaries
1.1C Intra-Plate Stuff
1.2 Theoretical Frameworks
>
1.2A and B Plate Tectonics
1.2C Impacts on Hazards
1.3 Explaining Tectonic Hazards
>
3A Hazards from Earthquakes
3B Hazards from Volcanoes
1..3C - Tsunami
1.4 Disaster!
>
1.4A Definitions
1.4B The PAR Model
1.4C Impacts of Tectonic Hazards
1.5 Tectonic Hazard Profiles
>
1.5A Measuring Magnitude and Intensity
1.5B Hazard Profiles
1.5C Profile Examples
1.6 Development and Governance
>
1.6A Inequality
1.6B Governance and Geographical Factors
1.6C Disaster Context
1.7 Trends and Patterns
>
1.7A Trends since 1960
1.7B Megadisasters
1.7C Multiple Hazard Zones
1.8 Theoretical Frameworks
>
1.8A - Prediction and Forecasting
1.8B The Hazard Management Cycle
1.8C Park's Model
1.9 Tectonic Hazard Impacts
>
1.9A Disaster Modification
1.9B Modifying Vulnerability
1.9C Modifying Loss
Coastal Landscapes and Change
2B.1 The Littoral Zone
>
2B.1A Parts of the Littoral Zone
2B.1B Classifying Coasts
2B.1C Rocky Coasts and Coastal Plains
2B.2 Geological Structure
>
2B.2A Concordant and Discordant
2B.2B Their Morphology
2B.2C Geological Structure and Cliff Profiles
2B.3 Rates of Coastal Recession
>
2B.3A Lithology
2B.3B Rock Strata and Complex Cliff Profiles
3C Vegetation Stabilisation of Sediment
2B.4 Marine Erosion
>
4A Waves and Beach Morphology
4B Wave Erosion Processes
4C Coastal Landscapes Produced by Erosion
2B.5 Sediment Transport and Deposition
>
5A Sediment Transportation
5B Depositional Landforms
5C The Sediment Cell Model
2B.6 Sub-Aerial Processes
>
6A Weathering
6B Mass Movement
6C Landforms Produced by Mass Movement
2B.7 Sea Level Change
>
7A Long-Term Sea Level Change
7B Emergent and Submergent Coastlines
7C Contemporary Sea Level Change
2B.8 Rapid Coastal Retreat
>
8A Human Activity and Coastal Recession
8B Subaerial Processes Work Together
8C Temporal Variations in Coastal Recession
2B.9 Coastal Flooding
>
9A Local Factors that Increase Coastal Flood Risk
9B Storm Surges
9C Climate Change and Coastal Flood Risk
2B.10 Affected Communities
>
A - Economic and Social Losses from Recession
B - Flooding and Storm Surges
C - Environmental Refugees
2B.11 - Coastal Management
>
2.11A Hard Engineering
2.11B Soft Engineering
2.11C Sustainable Management
2B: 12 Integrated Coastal Zone Management
>
2B.12A Littoral Cells
2B.12B Policy Decisions
2B.2C Conflicts
The Water Cycle
5.1 Importance to Life
>
1A - A Closed System
1B Importance and Size of Stores and Fluxes
1C The Global Water Budget
5.2 The drainage basin: an open system
>
2A - the Hydrological Cycle
2B Impact of Physical Factors
2C - Impact of Human Factors
5.3 Water Budgets and River Systems
>
3.1 Water Budgets
3B River Regimes
3C Storm Hydrographs
5.4 Deficits within the Hydrological Cycle
>
4A - The Causes of Drought
4B - Human Activity and Drought
4C - Drought and Ecosystems
5.5 Flooding
>
5A - Meteorological Causes of Flooding
5B - Human Activity and Flooding
5C - Impacts of Flooding
5.6 - Climate Change
>
6A - Inputs and Outputs
6B - Stores and Flows
6C - Uncertainty
5.7 Causes of Water Insecurity
>
7A - Supply and Demand Mismatch
7B - Causes of Water Insecurity
7C - Finite Resources and Rising Demand
5.8 Consequences and Risks of Water Insecurity
>
8A - Causes and Pattern of Physical and Economic Scarcity
8B - Importance of Water Supplies
8C - Conflicts
5.9 - Managing Water Supply
>
9A - Hard Engineering
5.9B Sustainable Water Management
5.9C Integrated Drainage Basin Management
The Carbon Cycle
6.1 Carbon and the Geological Cycle
>
1A Stores and Fluxes
1B Formation of Geological Carbon Stores
6.1C - Geological Processes Releasing Carbon
6.2 Biological Processes Sequestering Carbon
>
6.2A Oceanic Sequestering
6.2B Terrestrial Sequestering
6.2C Biological Carbon
6.3 Human Activity Altering the Carbon Cycle
>
6.3A Atmospheric Carbon
6.3B Maintaining a Balanced Carbon Cycle
6.3C Fossil Fuel Combustion
6.4 Energy Security
>
6.4A The Energy Mix
6.4B - Energy Consumption
6.4C Energy Players
6.5 Relliance on Fossil Fuels
>
6.5A Mismatch between Supply and Demand
6.5B Energy Pathways
6.5C Unconventional Fossil Fuels
6.6 Alternatives to Fossil Fuels
>
6.6A Renewable and Recyclable Energy
6.6B Biofuels
6.6C Radical Technologies to Reduce Carbon Emissions
6.7 Human Activity Threatening the Carbon and Water Cycles
>
6.7A Growing Resource Demands
6.7B Ocean Acidification
6.7C Forest Health
6.8 Implications for Human Wellbeing
>
6.8A Forest Loss
6.8B Rising Temperatures
6.8C Declining Ocean Health
6.9 Responses to Further Warming
>
6.9A Uncertainty about the Future
9.B Adaptation Strategies
6.9C Mitigation Strategies
List of Case Studies